Citations
MLA:
Works Cited
Dean, Cornelia. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet." The New York Times, 22 May 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html?_r=0. Accessed 12 May 2016.
Ebert, Roger. Review of An Inconvenient Truth, directed by Davis Guggenheim. rogerebert.com, 1 June 2006, www.rogerebert.com/reviews/an-inconvenient-truth-2006. Accessed 15 June 2016.
One of these improvements was the developments of canals and steamboats,
which allowed farmers to “sell what has previously been unsalable [sic]” and resulted in a “substantial increase in [a farmer’s] ability to earn income” (Danhof 5). This
improvement allowed the relations between the rural and urban populations to strengthen,
resulting in an increase in trade. The urban population (defined as having over 2,500
inhabitants) in the northern states increased rapidly after 1820.1 This increase
accompanied the decrease in rural populations, as farmers who “preferred trade,
transportation, or ‘tinkering’” to the tasks of tending to crops and animals found great
opportunities in the city (Danhof 7). Trade and transportation thus began to influence
farming life significantly. Before 1820, the rural community accounted for eighty percent
of consumption of farmers’ goods (Hurt 127). With the improvements in transportation,
twenty-five percent of farmers’ products were sold for commercial gain, and by 1825,
farming “became a business rather than a way of life” (128). This business required
farmers to specialize their production and caused most farmers to give “less attention to
the production of surplus commodities like wheat, tobacco, pork, or beef” (128). The
increase in specialization encouraged some farmers to turn to technology to increase their
production and capitalize on commercial markets (172).
APA:
References
Cummings, J. N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social
relationships.
Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.
Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM:
Examining the
relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of
Computer-Mediated
Communication, 10, 38-48.
In Cummings et al.’s (2002) summary article reviewing three empirical studies on
online social relationships, it was found that CMC, especially email, was less effective
than FtF contact in creating and maintaining close social relationships. Two of the three
reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships
mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s
use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et
al., 2002). The strength of the relationship was predicted best by FtF and phone communication, as participants rated email as an inferior means of maintaining personal
relationships as compared to FtF and phone contacts (Cummings et al., 2002).
Chicago:
Bibliography
Agamben, Giorgio. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Translated by Daniel
Heller-Roazen. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Dean, Jodi. Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies: Communicative Capitalism and
Left Politics. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
In Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies, Jodi Dean argues that “imagining
a rhizome might be nice, but rhizomes don’t describe the underlying structure of real
networks,”1 rejecting the idea that there is such a thing as a nonhierarchical
interconnectedness that structures our contemporary world and means of communication.
Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, on the other hand, argue that the Internet is an
exemplar of the rhizome: a nonhierarchical, noncentered network—a democratic network
with “an indeterminate and potentially unlimited number of interconnected nodes [that]
communicate with no central point of control.”2 What is at stake in settling this dispute?
Being. And, knowledge and power in that being. More specifically, this paper explores
how a theory of social ontology has evolved to theories of social ontologies, how the
modernist notion of global understanding of individuals working toward a common
(rationalized and objectively knowable) goal became pluralistic postmodern theories
embracing the idea of local networks. Furthermore, what this summary journey of
theoretical evolution allows for is a consideration of why understandings of a world
comprising emergent networks need be of concern to composition instructors and their
practical activities in the classroom: networks produce knowledge.
(in footnotes)
1. Jodi Dean, Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies: Communicative
Capitalism and Left Politics (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 30.
2. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, “Postmodernization, or the Informatization
of Production,” in Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 299.
General tips:
- Everything is double spaced (paragraphs, citation pages, quotes)
- Quotes over 3 lines need to be formatted like a block quote (look up rules for your style)
- When in doubt, cite it
- Use your style's rule for page number (MLA--last name and page number in upper right; APA--shortened title in all caps in upper left and page number in upper right)
- Format titles correctly
- Long Works--movies, books, paintings, tv show, periodicals, CD album
- "Short Works"--article title, poem, song, tv episode
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